Periglacial Geomorphology Colin K. Ballantyne

Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 375 - 439

Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
1 Introduction
1.1 The Periglacial Concept: Definitions and Scope
1.2 The Periglacial Realm
1.3 The Development of Periglacial Geomorphology
1.4 Periglacial Geomorphology: The Quaternary Context
1.5 The Aims and Organization of this Book
2 Periglacial Environments
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Periglacial Climates
2.3 Soils in Periglacial Environments
2.4 Vegetation Cover in Periglacial Environments
2.5 Synthesis
3 Ground Freezing and Thawing
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Ground Heating and Cooling
3.3 Soil Freezing
3.4 Ice Segregation in Freezing Soils
3.5 Thaw Consolidation
3.6 Synthesis
4 Permafrost
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Permafrost Thermal Regime
4.3 Classification of Permafrost
4.4 Detection, Mapping and Modelling of Permafrost
4.5 Permafrost Distribution
4.6 Permafrost-glacier Interactions
4.7 The Geomorphic Importance of Permafrost
5 Ground Ice and Cryostratigraphy
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Genetic Classification of Ground Ice
5.3 Description of Ground Ice
5.4 Ice Contacts
5.5 Cryostratigraphy
5.6 The Transition Zone
5.7 Massive Ground Ice
5.8 Yedoma
6 Thermal Contraction Cracking: Ice Wedges and Related Landforms
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Thermal Contraction Cracking and Polygon Evolution
6.3 Ice Veins and Ice Wedges
6.4 Ice-wedge Polygons
6.5 Sand Veins and Sand Wedges
6.6 Composite Veins and Composite Wedges
6.7 Sand-wedge Polygons
6.8 Frost Cracking of Seasonally Frozen Ground
6.9 Thaw Modification of Frost Wedges
6.10 Frost-Wedge Pseudomorphs and Frost Polygons in Areas of Past Permafrost
7 Pingos, Palsas and other Frost Mounds
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Characteristics of Pingos
7.3 Hydrostatic Pingos
7.4 Hydraulic Pingos
7.5 Pingo Problems and Problem Pingos
7.6 Segregation Ice Mounds: Palsas, Lithalsas and Related Landforms
7.7 Palsas
7.8 Peat Plateaus
7.9 Lithalsas
7.10 Permafrost Plateaus
7.11 Other Permafrost Mounds
7.12 Ephemeral Frost Mounds
7.13 Relict Permafrost Mounds
8 Thermokarst
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Thermokarst Lakes and Drained Lake Basins
8.3 Thermokarst Pits, Bogs and Fens
8.4 Retrogressive Thaw Slumps
8.5 Small-scale Thermokarst Features: Beaded Streams, Sinkholes and Thermokarst Gullies
8.6 Sediment Structures associated with Thermokarst
8.7 Relict Thermokarst Phenomena
9 Seasonally Frozen Ground Phenomena
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Upfreezing of Clasts
9.3 Frost Heave of Bedrock
9.4 Patterned Ground: The Embroidery on the Landscape
9.5 Patterned Ground Processes
9.6 Sorted Patterned Ground
9.7 Nonsorted Patterned Ground
9.8 Cryoturbations
9.9 Pedogenic Effects of Freezing and Thawing
9.10 Fragipans
9.11 Synthesis
10 Rock Weathering and Associated Landforms
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Physical Weathering Processes
10.3 Chemical Weathering Processes
10.4 Biotic Weathering Processes
10.5 Weathering Processes in Periglacial Environments
10.6Cold-climate Karst
10.7 Tors
10.8 Blockfields and Related Periglacial Regolith Covers
10.9 Brecciated Bedrocks
11 Periglacial Mass Movement and Hillslope Evolution
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Solifluction Processes
11.3 Solifluction Landforms
11.4 Pleistocene Solifluction Landforms and Slope Deposits
11.5 Active-layer Failures
11.6 Permafrost Creep
11.7 Nivation
11.8 Cryoplanation
11.9 Slope Form and Slope Evolution
12 Talus Slopes and Related Landforms
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Rockfall Talus
12.3 The Geomorphic Role of Snow Avalanches
12.4 Debris-flow Activity
12.5 Rock Glaciers
12.6 Pronival (Protalus) Ramparts
12.7 Synthesis
13 Fluvial Processes and Landforms
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Periglacial Hydrology
13.3 Slopewash
13.4 Slushflows
13.5 Sediment Transport in Periglacial Rivers
13.6 Bank and Channel Erosion
13.7 River Channels
13.8 Alluvial Landforms in Periglacial Environments
13.9 Valley Form
13.10 Pleistocene Periglacial Rivers
13.11 Synthesis
14 Wind Action
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Aeolian Processes
14.3 Wind Erosion in Present Periglacial Environments
14.4 Aeolian Deposits in Present Periglacial Environments
14.5 Quaternary Aeolian Deposits
14.6 Synthesis
15 Periglacial Coasts
15.1 Introduction
15.2 The Nature of Periglacial Coasts
15.3 The Role of Ice in Shoreline Evolution
15.4 Ice-rich Permafrost Coasts
15.5 Thermokarst Coasts
15.6 Barrier Coasts
15.7 Salt Marshes and Tidal Flats
15.8 Rock Coasts
15.9 Raised and Inherited Shorelines
15.10 Lake Shorelines
15.11 Synthesis
16 Past Periglacial Environments
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Palaeoenvironmental Reconstruction Based on Periglacial Features
16.3 Past Periglacial Environments of the British Isles
16.4 Pre-Late Devensian Periglacial Features in the British Isles
16.5 The Dimlington Stade in the British Isles
16.6 The Younger Dryas (Loch Lomond) Stade in the British Isles
16.7 Past Periglacial Environments of the British Isles: Commentary
16.8 Late Weichselian Periglacial Environments in Continental Europe
16.9 Late Wisconsinan Periglacial Environments in North America
16.10 Permafrost Extent in the Northern Hemisphere During the Last Glacial Stage
16.11 Concluding Comments
17 Climate Change and Periglacial Environments
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Permafrost Degradation
17.3 Geomorphological Implications of Climate Change in the Circumpolar North
17.4Geomorphological Implications of Climate Change in High Mountain Environments
17.5 Climate Change ,Permafrost Degradation and Greenhouse Gas Emissions
17.6 Conclusion
Appendix: Text Abbreviations, Units and Symbols Employed in Equations
References
Index